ECONOMICS OBJ:
1-10: DCABDDCAAA
11-20: EEEABDBABD
21-30: BBCEAEABEE
31-40: EDDEDDAAAC
41-50: CCACACAEEA
51-60: DEDEEEBCED
(1a)
Qd = 40 - 4p
In a tabular form:
P|10|8| 6|4 |2 |1
Q|0 |8|16|24|32|36
When price = 10
Qd = 40-4(10) = 0
When price = 8
Qd = 40-4(8) = 8
When price = 6
Qd = 40-4(6) = 16
When price = 4
Qd = 40-4(4) = 24
When price = 2
Qd = 40-4(2) = 32
When price = 1
Qd = 40-4(1) = 36
(1b)
Draw the diagram:
CLICK HERE FOR THE IMAGE
(1c)
The slope of demand curve is downwards which indicates that the quantity demanded has negative correlation with price. The higher the price the lower the quantity demanded and vice versa.
(2a)
MR = ∆inTR/∆inQ
TR2 - TR1/Q2 - Q1
At Q = 2,
MR = 30-20/2-1 = ₦10
At Q = 3
MR = 60-30/3-2 = ₦30
At Q = 4
MR = 80-60/4-3 = ₦20
At Q = 5
MR = 120-80/5-4 = ₦40
At Q = 6
MR = 150-120/6-5 = ₦30
AR = TR/Q
At Q = 1
AR = 20/1 = ₦20
At Q = 2
AR = 30/2 = ₦15
At Q = 3
AR = 60/3 = ₦20
At Q = 4
AR = 80/4 = ₦20
At Q = 5
AR = 120/5 = ₦24
At Q = 6
AR = 150/6 = ₦25
MC = TC2 - TC1/Q2 - Q1
At Q = 1
MC = 40 - 0/1 - 0 = ₦40
At Q = 2
MC = 50 - 40/2 - 1 = ₦10
At Q = 3
MC = 60 - 50/3 - 2 = ₦10
At Q = 4
MC = 80 - 60/4 - 3 = ₦20
At Q = 5
MC = 110 - 80/5 - 4 = ₦30
At Q = 6
MC = 120 - 110/6 - 5 = ₦10
(2b)
The conditions necessary for profit maximization are:
(i) MC = MR
(ii) When MC is cutting MR from below at equilibrium point.
Draw the diagram:
From the above diagram, point "X" is the point of profit maximization.
(4a)
Labour can be defined as all human efforts of any kind, either skilled or unskilled, mental or manual, directed towards the production of goods and services. The rewards for labour as a factor of production comes in form of wages and salaries.
(4b)
(Choose Any four)
(i) Education and training: The level of education and training received by a worker will go a long way towards increasing the efficiency of labor. A well-educated or well-trained worker is in position to increase efficiency in his work.
(ii) Level of commitment and attitude: The level of commitment and attitude of a worker can affect the efficiency of labour. When a worker is highly committed to his job, this will result in efficiency of labour.
(iii) Efficient management: When efficient management is in place in any organization, it will go a long way towards improving efficiency of labour.
(iv) Efficiency of other factors of production: The efficiency of other factors of production like land, capital, and entrepreneur when combined with efficient labour will increase productivity.
(v) Weather condition: The physical or weather conditions in a workplace can affect the efficiency of labour. Hot weather lowers efficiency of labour while Cool weather or environment increases efficiency of labour.
(5)
(Choose Any five)
(i)Tax: Taxes include both direct and indirect taxes. Government generates income or revenue by taxing individuals and corporate bodies
(ii)Grant and aids: Government can receive grants and aids as revenue from wealthy or developed countries.
(iii)Rent and rates: Earning from water, properties, housing, etc owned by the government are sources of income to the government
(iv)Licence: Government can also generate revenue through licenses e.g drivers license
(v)Savings: Government can also generate revenue through savings, especially when the country has budget surplus
(vi)Earning from government investment: Government can also earn income or generate revenue from government-owned business enterprises or from joint ventures
(7)
(i)Inadequate educational system and High cost of education: The educational systems practiced in Nigeria is adequate as special attention is paid to paper qualification to the detriment of job creation. As a result of high cost of acquiring education, many find it difficult to go to school and so end up with low paper qualifications which may not permit them to get good employment.
(ii)Lack of industrial growth and social amenities: Nigeria do not have industries that are capable of employing enough workers. Labour tends to be unavailable when there are no social amenities in the area. This leads to unemployment.
(iii)Overpopulation and Deficiency in demand: When a country’s population is too high, it tends to produce many workers and such workers may not have jobs to do, thereby leading to unemployment. An overall in demand for goods can lead companies to retrench workers.
(iv)Poor development plans and use of automated machines: Government does not normally put in place development plans that can create employment opportunities or take care of the unemployed. The use of automated machines in factories reduces the need for many workers and this lead to unemployment.
(v) Geographical mobility of Labour: Geographical mobility of labour is one of major causes of unemployment in Nigeria. Due to certain circumstances, labour finds it difficult to move from one geographical area to another and this results in unemployment.
(8a)
Retailer may be defined as a trader who buys goods in small quantities from the wholesaler and sells in bits or units to the final consumer. In other words, a retailer is a merchant whose main business is to purchase goods from the wholesalers in small quantities and sell in smaller units directly to the final consumers.
(8b)
(i)Information: Middlemen have a role in providing information about the market to the manufacturer. Developments like changes in customer demography, psychology, media habits, and the entry of a new competitor or a new brand, and changes in customer preferences are some kind of information that all manufacturers want.
(ii)Price Stability: Maintaining price stability in the market is another function a middleman performs. Many a time the middleman absorbs an increase in the price of the products and continues to charge the same old price to the customer. This is because of the intra-middlemen competition. The middleman also maintains price stability by keeping his overheads low.
(iii)Promotion: Promoting the product and services in his territory is another function that the middlemen perform. Many of them design their own sales incentive programs aimed at building customer traffic at their outlets.
(iv)Title: Most middlemen take title to the goods and services and trade in their own name. This helps in diffusing the risks between the manufacturer and middlemen. This also enables middlemen to be in physical possession of the goods, which enables them to meet customer demand at the very moment it arises.
(v)Financing: Middlemen finance manufacturer’s operations by providing the necessary working capital in the form of advance payments for goods and services. The payment is in advance even though credit may be extended by the manufacturer because it has to be made even before the products are bought and consumed and paid for by the ultimate customer.
BONUS
(11a)
Nationalisation is a deliberate policy by which government takes over the control and ownership of private enterprise due to economic, political, social or strategic reasons. In other word Nationalisation is the process by which the government takes over the ownership and management of an industry from private control, by bringing it under exclusive control.
(11b)
-Advantages of Indigenization-
(i) Ensures indigenous participation: Indigenization ensures greater participation of indigenes in the control and running of business enterprises in the country.
(ii)Ensures self reliance and provision of employment: Indigenization eliminate the problem of dependence on foreign goods by ensuring self reliance. It creates employment opportunities for the indigenes.
(iii)Development of local technologies and private initiatives: It leads to the development of local skills and technology. When indigenes are encourage to participate in business enterprises, private initiative will develop with Indigenization.
-Disadvantages of Indigenization-
(Choose Any two)
(i)Inexperience and incompetence can destroy business: Due to Indigenization, business can be transferred to people who are not experienced and competent enough to handle such business
(ii)Lead to disharmony between countries and capital flight: Indigenization can lead to disharmony among countries of the world as friendships will be discouraged and it can lead to capital flight as foreign investors will be forced to relocate to other countries.
(iii)Discouragement of foreign investment and Rich people can hijack economy : Indigenization can discourage foreign investment in a country and Few people can use their financial wealth to buy and take over all such business enterprises.
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